Women entrepreneurs are finding it increasingly difficult to access venture capital funding for start-up businesses and remain much less likely to attract funding than male entrepreneurs, according to a new study published in Venture Capital: An International Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance, authored by Candida Brush, Patricia Greene, Lakshmi Balachandra.

Researchers compared the proportion of venture capital funding received by men and women entrepreneurs in the US between 2011 and 2013, analyzing variation across sector, investment stage, region, and outcome.

>See also: Insider: Women in the technology industry

Despite some signs of progress, they revealed that all-men teams were four times more likely to receive funding from venture capital investors than companies with even one woman on the team.

This gender gap was even greater when leadership positions were considered: 97% of the total venture capital funding during the period studied went to companies with a man as the CEO.

The figures were especially surprising given the similarity in performance between venture-backed companies with women CEOs and those with men CEOs.

Entrenched male-dominated networks within the venture capital industry and well-established institutional ties, with few new firms being founded, were noted as two of the leading restrictions on women participation.

>See also: Succeeding as a woman in tech: advocacy is the answer

The venture capital model in the US was therefore deemed unsuited to women entrepreneurs, illustrating the difficulty women in the country face in pursuing entrepreneurial careers.

As the authors warned, this could have significant economic implications. A lack of access to venture capital could constrain growth in women-led businesses, which could further reduce the number of women pursuing entrepreneurial careers.

The study marks the first time that women’s access to venture capital has been studied on such a large scale. Researchers analysed a database of US-based companies which received venture capital funding between 2011 and 2013. Building on a framework first used by a similar study in 1999, they examined management team biographies for mentions of the word ‘she’.

>See also: Women in Tech – leading the campaign to rectify IT’s gender imbalance

By studying venture capital from the perspective of firms seeking venture capital, rather than that of the venture capitalist, the authors pioneered a social science approach.

However, lead author Professor Candida Brush emphasised the need for further research from a similar social science perspective to encourage a full understanding of the reasons behind the gender gap.

“Future research might consider the extent to which deals are sourced through networks that include women entrepreneurs, or whether companies that have women on the teams must go through a tougher screen to succeed.”

The UK’s largest conference for tech leadership, Tech Leaders Summit, returns on 14 September with 40+ top execs signed up to speak about the challenges and opportunities surrounding the most disruptive innovations facing the enterprise today. Secure your place at this prestigious summit by registering here